1. Poverty / unemployment / families without income / malnutrition

• Structural adjustment programmes (International Monetary Fund)

• No credit policies

• Bank failures

• Low coffee export prices

• No access to education

• Politicised employment policies

• Inertia / lack of initiative

• Unjust social structures

• Roadside encampments of destitute families (plantones)

• Child labour

• Sexual exploitation

• Over-exploitation / destruction of the natural environment

• Malnutrition: acute, chronic and global

• Hunger

• Crime

• Violence

2. Violence (social, institutional, domestic, school and community)

• Abuse of power / adultism

• Traditional gender roles 

• Unemployment: families without income

• Lack of educational opportunities

• Learnt culture of "machismo", patriarchy

• Lack of knowledge and information

• Traditional child-rearing practices

• Alcohol, drugs

• Unjust and unequal social structures

• Reproduction of gender roles

• Moral decay

• Low self-esteem

• Sexual abuse

• Physical injuries, trauma

• Psychological injuries, mental breakdown, psychopathology

• Disintegration of families, broken homes

• Poor school performance

• School desertion.

3. Lack of access to education

• Lack of teachers / school places

• Lack of incentives

• Inadequate education budget

• Education policies do not take account of rural needs

• Inadequate infrastructure

• Government education plan is not based on rural reality.

• No alternative to agricultural or domestic labour

• No hope for the future

• Underdevelopment: personal, community and national

• Reproduction of traditional roles, conformity

• No access to decent jobs / better wages

• Functional illiteracy.

4. Child labour

• International market forces, globalisation.

• Foreign debt

• Environmental disasters.

• Cultural tradition

• Social inequality.

• Family problems

• Poverty

• Violence and conflict in the home

• Illness, disability or death in the family

• No access to schools, or lack of resources to enable children to attend.

• Parents who believe that schooling serves no useful purpose.

• Exposure to harmful chemicals

• Physical and sexual abuse

• Damage to health and physical development: work-related chronic illnesses, growth deficit, bone deformities, sight loss, mutilation.

• Low academic achievement, school desertion.

• Damage to educational and intellectual development

• No access to the benefits of education: No possibility of getting a better job and improving their living conditions.

• No possibility of contributing to a better future for their family, community and society.

• Low self-esteem, depression, personality disorders, aggression, trauma.

5. Lack of play and recreation opportunities

• Child labour

• Generational cultural patterns

• Lack of resources for recreation and play facilities

• Unawareness of the importance of play and recreation for human development.

• Adultism.

• Children assume adult roles

• Social spaces undervalued

• Low self-esteem

• Shyness, isolation, lack of social skills

• Passivity, conformity

• Lack of physical development: gross motor skills, fine motor skills etc.

6. Destruction of social fabric

• Poor communication within families.

• Lack of education

• Education undervalued

• The economic situation

• Unemployment

• Abandonment of families.

• Illiteracy

• Crime

• Drug addiction

• Early pregnancies.

7. Environmental deterioration

• Lack of environmental awareness

• Poor habits of environmental care

• Lack of finance for environmental conservation

• Environmental legislation ignored or violated

• Chemical-based agriculture

• Deforestation

• Corruption

• Environmental disequilibrium: climate change and drought

• Poor agricultural production

• Unemployment

• Increasing use of agrochemicals

• Destruction of biodiversity.